JCCVS
Journal of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Surgery

Journal of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Surgery scientific, open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed journal covering a wide spectrum of topics in cardiology and cardiovascular surgery. This journal is indexed by indices that are considered international scientific journal indices (DRJI, ESJI, OAJI, etc.). According to the current Associate Professorship criteria, it is within the scope of International Article 1-d. Each article published in this journal corresponds to 5 points.

eISSN: 2980-1397
Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.
EndNote Style

Online Manuscript System

Index
Original Article
The relationship between exercise-related hypertension and carotid artery intima media thickness and brachial artery endothelial function
Abstract
Aims: Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. There are some non-invasive tests which are used to assess end organ damages in patients with hypertension. The purpose of this study is to show relationship between carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT) and flow mediated dilatation (FMD) in patients with exercise induced hypertension (EIH).
Methods: 73 healthy normotensive men and women, who are between 18 and 65 years of age, participated in this study. All patients underwent electrocardiography, echocardiography, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and symptom-limited treadmill testing before CIMT and FMD were measured with Doppler ultrasonography. CIMT and FMD values of both groups were statistically compared with each other.
Results: Of a total of 73 individuals, 56 were evaluated as the patient group and 17 as the control group. Age, smoking rate, body mass index, resting and maximum blood pressure values, and ascending aorta diameter were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.02 for smoking, p<0.01 for the rest). Right/left main CIMT, right/left bulbus IMT, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.05 for all). In addition, the mean CIMT and mean FMD (%) values were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the patient group compared to the control group. No difference was observed between the two groups in terms of right/left internal CIMT and passive smoking exposure. In addition, the mean values of CIMT and FMD (%) did not show a statistically significant difference according to hypertensive response stages and gender.
Conclusion: CIMT and FMD are significantly associated with EIH. EIH should be evaluated as important risk factor for future hypertension and may cause asymptomatic end-organ damage. It can be easily assessed using CIMT and FMD.

Keywords : Exercise-induced hypertension, CIMT, FMD, hypertension

Download Article


1. Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global epidemiology, healthburden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure andhypertension.Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(11):785-802.
2. Arıcı M, Birdane A, G&uuml;ler K, et al. Turkish hypertension consensusreport.Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2015;43(4):402-409.
3. Huang QF, Yang WY, Asayama K, et al. Ambulatory blood pressuremonitoring to diagnose and manage hypertension.Hypertension.2021;77(2):254-264.
4. Inanc IH, Sabanoglu C. Systemic immune-inflammation indexas a predictor of asymptomatic organ damage in patients withnewly diagnosed treatment-naive hypertension.Rev Invest Clin.2022;74(5):258-267.
5. Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, et al. Hypertension-mediatedorgan damage: prevalence, correlates, and prognosis in thecommunity.Hypertension. 2022;79(3):505-515.
6. Schultz MG, Otahal P, Cleland VJ, Blizzard L, Marwick TH, SharmanJE. Exercise-induced hypertension, cardiovascular events, andmortality in patients undergoing exercise stress testing: a systematicreview and meta-analysis.Am J Hypertens. 2013; 26(3):357-366.
7. Mohammed LLM, Dhavale M, Abdelaal MK, et al. Exercise-inducedhypertension in healthy individuals and athletes: is it an alarmingsign?.Cureus. 2020;12(12):e11988.
8. Ghidoni C, Kruzik M, Rossi VA, Caselli S, Schmied CM, NiederseerD. Definitions for hypertensive response to exercise.Cardiol Rev.2024;32(3):273-278.
9. Tokushige A, Ohishi M. Pathophysiology of the exaggerated bloodpressure response to exercise.Hypertens Res. 2022;45(12):2028-2029.
10. Dutra-Marques AC, Rodrigues S, Cepeda FX, et al. Exaggerated exerciseblood pressure as a marker of baroreflex dysfunction in normotensivemetabolic syndrome patients.Front Neurosci. 2021;15:680195.
11. Schultz MG, Otahal P, Kovacevic AM, et al. Type-2 diabetesand the clinical importance of exaggerated exercise bloodpressure.Hypertension. 2022;79(10):2346-2354.
12. Grotle AK, Stone AJ. Exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in type2 diabetes: potential role of oxidative stress.Auton Neurosci.2019;222:102591.
13. Cuspidi C, Gherbesi E, Faggiano A, et al. Masked hypertension andexaggerated blood pressure response to exercise: a review and meta-analysis.Diagnostics (Basel). 2023; 13(6):1005.
14. Inanc IH, Sabanoglu C. The relationship of masked hypertension withautonomic dysfunction and cardiometabolic parameters: a case-controlstudy.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(17):6265-6272.
15. Martin ZT, Shah AJ, Ko YA, et al. Exaggerated peripheral and systemicvasoconstriction during trauma recall in posttraumatic stress disorder:a co-twin controlstudy.Biol Psychiatry. 2024;96(4):278-286.
16. Inanc IH, Sabanoglu C. Autonomic dysfunction and metabolicdisorders as the possible sequelae of COVID-19 infection.Eur Rev MedPharmacol Sci. 2022;26(15):5587-5595.
17. Laukkanen JA, Kurl S. Blood pressure responses during exercisetesting-is up best for prognosis?Ann Med. 2012;44(3):218-224.
18. Holmqvist L, Mortensen L, Kanckos C, Ljungman C, MehligK, Manhem K. Exercise blood pressure and the risk of futurehypertension.J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(12):691-695.
19. Zafrir B, Aker A, Asaf Y, Saliba W. Blood pressure response duringtreadmill exercise testing and the risk for future cardiovascular eventsand new-onset hypertension.J Hypertens. 2022;40(1):143-152.
20. Sun P, Liu L, Liu C, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and the riskof first stroke in patients with hypertension.Stroke. 2020;51(2):379-386.
21. Magnussen CG. Carotid artery intima-media thickness andhypertensive heart disease: a short review.Clin Hypertens. 2017;23(1):1-4.
22. Lee J, Vasan RS, Xanthakis V. Association of blood pressure responsesto submaximal exercise in midlife with the incidence of cardiovascularoutcomes and all-cause mortality: the framingham heart study.J AmHeart Assoc. 2020;9(11):e015554.
23. Pearson MJ, Smart NA. Effect of exercise training on endothelialfunction in heart failure patients: a systematic review meta-analysis.IntJ Cardiol. 2017;231:234-243.
24. Keller K, Stelzer K, Ostad MA, Post F. Impact of exaggerated bloodpressure response in normotensive individuals on future hypertensionand prognosis: systematic review according to PRISMA guideline.AdvMed Sci. 2017;62(2):317-329.
25. Baycan &Ouml;F, &Ccedil;elik FB, G&uuml;ven&ccedil; TS, et al. Coronary flow velocity reserveis reduced in patients with an exaggerated blood pressure response toexercise.Hypertens Res. 2022;45(10):1653-1663.
26. Schultz MG, Sharman JE. Exercise Hypertension.Pulse (Basel).2014;1(3-4):161-176.
Article available in :
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2024
Page : 48-52
https://doi.org/10.51271/JCCVS-0036
Article Information
Received : 08 Eyl 2024
Accepted : 29 Eyl 2024
Published : 30 Eyl 2024
Corresponding Author :

Mustafa Ağca: Department of Cardiology, Bartın Yaşam Medical Center, Bartın, Turkiye

[email protected]
Citation : Ağca M, Karataş M, Havan N, Emiroğlu MY. The relationship between exercise-related hypertension and carotid artery intima media thickness and brachial artery endothelial function. J Cardiol Cardiovasc Surg. 2024;2(3):48-52.

Read: 97
Cited: 0
Download : 42
_Footer